Gastric dilatation–volvulus (GDV), commonly known as bloat, is a life-threatening emergency that primarily affects large, deep-chested dogs. GDV most often affects Great Danes, Mastiffs, Standard Poodles, German Shepherds, Saint Bernards, and Newfoundlands, but it can occur in any breed,including smaller dogs. Older dogs and male dogs may also be at higher risk.

Understanding the signs, risk factors, and need for immediate emergency care is critical for every dog owner.

WHAT IS BLOAT?

Bloat occurs when a dog’s stomach fills with gas, fluid, or food and then twists on itself. This twisting, called volvulus, traps air in the stomach and cuts off blood flow to vital organs. Without treatment, GDV can lead to shock, organ failure, and death within hours.

Even symptoms that seem mild at first can signal a serious problem, which is why rapid veterinary care is essential.

Dogs with bloat often show restlessness, unproductive retching (dry heaving), and signs of abdominal pain. In some cases, the abdomen may appear swollen, but this is not always obvious—especially in deep-chested dogs.

WHAT CAUSES BLOAT?

The exact cause of GDV is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to increase the risk:

• Large, deep-chested breeds

• Male dogs

• Older age (especially 7–12 years)

• Eating one large meal per day

• Rapid eating or gulping water

• Exercising immediately after eating

• Diets consisting primarily of dry kibble

RECOGNIZING THE SIGNS OF BLOAT

GDV can progress rapidly. Contact an emergency veterinarian immediately if you notice any of the following:

• Restlessness or inability to get comfortable

• Repeated retching or dry heaving without producing vomit

• Abdominal swelling or distention

• Excessive drooling

• Rapid heartbeat or changes in breathing

• Weakness, collapse, or inability to stand

If you see any combination of these signs, seek emergency care immediately. Time is critical.

WHY BLOAT IS A VETERINARY EMERGENCY

As the stomach enlarges and twists, blood flow to vital organs is compromised, which can lead to:

• Shock and dangerously low blood pressure

• Organ damage, including injury to the spleen

• Heart rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias)

• Internal bleeding or tissue death

Without prompt treatment, GDV can be fatal in just a few hours.

TREATMENT FOR BLOAT

Bloat requires immediate veterinary intervention. There is no safe way to treat GDV at home.

Emergency treatment typically includes:

• Stabilization: Pain control, intravenous fluids, and close monitoring

• Diagnostics: Abdominal x-rays to confirm stomach rotation and blood work to check their metabolic status

• Surgery: A gastropexy procedure to untwist the stomach and secure it to the body wall to prevent recurrence. Additional surgery may be required if the spleen or other organs are affected

• Post-operative care: Several days of hospitalization for intensive monitoring, pain management, and recovery

With prompt intervention, many dogs recover fully. However, even with immediate care, not all dogs will survive, underscoring the seriousness of this condition.

PREVENTING BLOAT

While GDV cannot always be prevented, the following steps may help reduce risk:

• Feed multiple smaller meals rather than one large meal per day

• Limit access to large amounts of water at one time

• Avoid vigorous exercise immediately before and after meals

• Feed meals on the floor rather than from elevated bowls

WHEN IN DOUBT, GET HELP

Even with precautions, bloat can develop suddenly. Early recognition and prompt emergency care save lives.

If your dog shows any concerning symptoms, call us immediately at (808) 735-7735 or bring them to VERC, 345 N. Nimitz Hwy, Unit C, Honolulu. Our 24/7 emergency and critical care team provides advanced diagnostics, emergency surgery, intensive monitoring, and post-operative support.

Your pet’s health and safety are always our top priority.